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References for Shepherd's Code

  • Moore, Jimmy, and Eric C. Westman. Keto Clarity: Your Definitive Guide to the Benefits of a Low-carb, High-fat Diet. Las Vegas: Victory Belt, 2014. Print. Chapter 4, Pages 63-67 https://www.amazon.com/Keto-Clarity-Definitive-Benefits-Low-Carb/dp/1628600071
  • https://www.washingtonpost.com/business/economy/bayer-agrees-to-buy-monsanto-in-66-billion-deal-that-could-reshape-agriculture/2016/09/14/4599de48-7aa6-11e6-ac8e-cf8e0dd91dc7_print.html
  • ​https://www.washingtonpost.com/news/to-your-health/wp/2015/11/03/more-americans-than-ever-are-taking-prescription-drugs/?utm_term=.14378171e572
  • ​http://jamanetwork.com/journals/jama/fullarticle/2467552?resultClick=1
  • ​https://www.cdc.gov/obesity/adult/causes.html
  • ​Ordinary least squares regression analyses reveal that high levels of religious media practice are associated with higher BMI in women. Logistic regression analyses reveal that high levels of religious media practice and affiliation with a Baptist denomination increased the risk of obesity for women. Source: http://www.purdue.edu/uns/html4ever/2006/060824.Ferraro.obesity.html
  • ​Dramatic increases in fast food consumption over the past 30 years have occurred in parallel with the twin epidemics of obesity and insulin resistance. Some of the properties of fast food, including its high glycemic index and its fatty acid composition, induce hyperinsulinemia and the development of insulin resistance, both peripherally (increasing energy deposition into fat), and centrally. This promotes reduced energy expenditure and continued food consumption in an attempt to make up for what the brain sees as an inadequate leptin level. Source: Elvira Isganaitis, Robert H. Lustig. Fast Food, Central Nervous System Insulin Resistance, and Obesity. Arteriosclerosis, Thrombosis, and Vascular Biology. 2005;25:2451-2462
  • ​Fast-food consumption has strong positive associations with weight gain and insulin resistance, suggesting that fast food increases the risk of obesity and type 2 diabetes. Source: Mark A Pereira et al. Fast-food habits, weight gain, and insulin resistance (the CARDIA study): 15-year prospective analysis
  • ​Toxic substances such as dioxins, mycotoxins, heavy metals, pesticides, veterinary drugs and polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons are almost ubiquitous in the environment. Thus, they are also present in ingredients for animal feed. Adequate risk management depends on knowledge of absorption, metabolism, carry-over and toxicological profile of these substances and on practical measures to reduce especially the latter two. Source: C.A. Kan, G.A.L. Meijer. The risk of contamination of food with toxic substances present in animal feed. Animal Feed Science and Technology. Volume 133, Issues 1–2, 1 February 2007, Pages 84–108. http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0377840106003075
  • ​The current level of human exposure to chemicals chemicals causing weight loss at high levels of exposure but much lower concentrations of these same chemicals have powerful weight-promoting actions may have damaged many of the body's natural weight-control mechanisms. Furthermore, it is posited here that these effects, together with a wide range of additional, possibly synergistic, factors may play a significant role in the worldwide obesity epidemic. Paula F. Baillie-Hamilton. Chemical Toxins: A Hypothesis to Explain the Global Obesity Epidemic. The Journal of Alternative and Complementary Medicine. July 2004, 8(2): 185-192. http://online.liebertpub.com/doi/abs/10.1089/107555302317371479
  • ​In the present study, 83 obese patients (39 men and 44 women) with a body mass index greater than 35 kg/m2, and high glucose and cholesterol levels were selected. The body weight, body mass index, total cholesterol, low density lipoprotein (LDL) cholesterol, high density lipoprotein (HDL) cholesterol, triglycerides, fasting blood sugar, urea and creatinine levels were determined before and after the administration of the ketogenic diet. The weight and body mass index of the patients decreased significantly (P<0.0001). The level of total cholesterol decreased from week 1 to week 24. HDL cholesterol levels significantly increased, whereas LDL cholesterol levels significantly decreased after treatment. The level of triglycerides decreased significantly following 24 weeks of treatment. The level of blood glucose significantly decreased. Source: Hussein M Dashti et al. Exp Clin Cardiol. 2004 Fall; 9(3): 200–205. https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2716748/
  •  The low-carbohydrate, ketogenic diet improved glycemic control in patients with type 2 diabetes such that diabetes medications were discontinued or reduced in most participants. Source: William S Yancy Jr et al. A low-carbohydrate, ketogenic diet to treat type 2 diabetes. Nutrition & Metabolism 2005 2:34
  • ​http://articles.mercola.com/sites/articles/archive/2013/03/10/ketogenic-diet.aspx
  • ​Moore, Jimmy, and Eric C. Westman. Keto Clarity: Your Definitive Guide to the Benefits of a Low-carb, High-fat Diet. Las Vegas: Victory Belt, 2014. Print. Chapter 4, pages 67-68 https://www.amazon.com/Keto-Clarity-Definitive-Benefits-Low-Carb/dp/1628600071
  • ​The long-term effect of low-fat diet intervention on bodyweight depends on the intensity of the intervention in the comparison group. When compared with dietary interventions of similar intensity, evidence from RCTs does not support low-fat diets over other dietary interventions for long-term weight loss. Source: Tobias, Deirdre K et al. Effect of low-fat diet interventions versus other diet interventions on long-term weight change in adults: a systematic review and meta-analysis. The Lancet Diabetes & Endocrinology , Volume 3 , Issue 12 , 968 - 979. http://www.thelancet.com/journals/landia/article/PIIS2213-8587(15)00367-8/abstract
  • ​ Compared with the low fat group, who followed a diet conforming to currently recommended distributions of macronutrient calories, the very low carbohydrate group lost significantly more weight, a finding that was apparent both when the women completing the diet were considered alone and when the data were analyzed using intent to treat principles. Source: Bonnie J. Brehm, et al. A Randomized Trial Comparing a Very Low Carbohydrate Diet and a Calorie-Restricted Low Fat Diet on Body Weight and Cardiovascular Risk Factors in Healthy Women. The Journal of Clinical Endocrinology & Metabolism 2003 88:4, 1617-1623. http://press.endocrine.org/doi/abs/10.1210/jc.2002-021480
  • ​ In 1972, a British scientist sounded the alarm that sugar – and not fat – was the greatest danger to our health. But his findings were ridiculed and his reputation ruined. How did the world’s top nutrition scientists get it so wrong for so long? Source: Ian Leslie, The sugar conspiracy. The Guardian. https://www.theguardian.com/society/2016/apr/07/the-sugar-conspiracy-robert-lustig-john-yudkin
  • ​Our findings clearly demonstrate that intense sweetness can surpass cocaine reward, even in drug-sensitized and -addicted individuals. We speculate that the addictive potential of intense sweetness results from an inborn hypersensitivity to sweet tastants. In most mammals, including rats and humans, sweet receptors evolved in ancestral environments poor in sugars and are thus not adapted to high concentrations of sweet tastants. The supranormal stimulation of these receptors by sugar-rich diets, such as those now widely available in modern societies, would generate a supranormal reward signal in the brain, with the potential to override self-control mechanisms and thus to lead to addiction. Source: Magalie Lenoir, Fuschia Serre, Lauriane Cantin, Serge H. Ahmed. Intense Sweetness Surpasses Cocaine Reward. http://dx.doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0000698
  • ​Higher intake of unsaturated fats compared to carbohydrates—including both polyunsaturated fats and monounsaturated fats from primarily plant-based foods—was associated with between 11% and 19% lower overall mortality for an increase in 5% of total calories. Polyunsaturated fats, which include both omega-6 fatty acids (found in most plant oils, nuts, and seeds), and omega-3 fatty acids (found in high concentrations in walnuts, flax seeds, soybean oil, and fish), were associated with lower risk of premature death. Source: https://www.hsph.harvard.edu/nutritionsource/2016/07/05/different-dietary-fat-different-risk-of-mortality/
  • ​In a large study population followed for more than three decades, researchers found that higher consumption of saturated and trans fats was linked with higher mortality compared with the same number of calories from carbohydrates. Most importantly, replacing saturated fats with unsaturated fats conferred substantial health benefits. Source: https://www.hsph.harvard.edu/news/press-releases/higher-consumption-of-unsaturated-fats-linked-with-lower-mortality/
  • ​Moore, Jimmy, and Eric C. Westman. Keto Clarity: Your Definitive Guide to the Benefits of a Low-carb, High-fat Diet. Las Vegas: Victory Belt, 2014. Print. Chapter 7, Page 88 https://www.amazon.com/Keto-Clarity-Definitive-Benefits-Low-Carb/dp/1628600071
  • ​http://www.nature.com/ejcn/journal/v67/n8/full/ejcn2013116a.html
  • ​https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2716748/
  • ​The present study shows the beneficial effects of a long-term ketogenic diet. It significantly reduced the body weight and body mass index of the patients. Furthermore, it decreased the level of triglycerides, LDL cholesterol and blood glucose, and increased the level of HDL cholesterol. Administering a ketogenic diet for a relatively longer period of time did not produce any significant side effects in the patients. Therefore, the present study confirms that it is safe to use a ketogenic diet for a longer period of time than previously demonstrated. Source: Hussein M Dashti et al. Exp Clin Cardiol. 2004 Fall; 9(3): 200–205. https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2716748/
  • ​Moore, Jimmy, and Eric C. Westman. Keto Clarity: Your Definitive Guide to the Benefits of a Low-carb, High-fat Diet. Las Vegas: Victory Belt, 2014. Print. Chapter 16, page 191 https://www.amazon.com/Keto-Clarity-Definitive-Benefits-Low-Carb/dp/1628600071
  • ​A period of low carbohydrate ketogenic diet may help to control hunger and may improve fat oxidative metabolism and therefore reduce body weight. Furthermore new kinds of ketogenic diets using meals that mimic carbohydrate rich foods could improve the compliance to the diet. The duration of ketogenic diet may range from a minimum (to induce the physiological ketosis) of 2–3 weeks to a maximum (following a general precautionary principle) of many months (6–12 months). Correctly understood the ketogenic diet can be a useful tool to treat obesity in the hands of the physician. Source: Antonio Paoli. Int J Environ Res Public Health. 2014 Feb; 11(2): 2092–2107. https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3945587/
  • To compare the effects of isocaloric, energy-restricted very low-carbohydrate ketogenic (VLCK) and low-fat (LF) diets on weight loss, body composition, trunk fat mass, and resting energy expenditure (REE) in overweight/obese men and women. This study shows a clear benefit of a VLCK over LF diet for short-term body weight and fat loss, especially in men. A preferential loss of fat in the trunk region with a VLCK diet is novel and potentially clinically significant. Source: JS Volek et al. Nutrition & Metabolism20041:13 http://nutritionandmetabolism.biomedcentral.com/articles/10.1186/1743-7075-1-13
  • ​Despite the increasing use of very low carbohydrate ketogenic diets (VLCKD) in weight control and management of the metabolic syndrome there is a paucity of research about effects of VLCKD on sport performance. We have demonstrated that using VLCKD for a relatively short time period (i.e. 30 days) can decrease body weight and body fat without negative effects on strength performance. Source: Antonio Paoli et al. Ketogenic diet does not affect strength performance in elite artistic gymnasts. Journal of the International Society of Sports Nutrition20129:34 http://jissn.biomedcentral.com/articles/10.1186/1550-2783-9-34
  • ​While it does matter the amount of calories you eat, we rarely need to look at this. Why?Because the amount of satiety brought to us from what we eat will naturally restrict the amount of calories we are eating. Source: http://www.ruled.me/counting-calories-on-ketogenic-diet/
  • ​http://www.webmd.com/diet/features/stress-weight-gain
  • ​http://www.webmd.com/sleep-disorders/features/lack-of-sleep-weight-gain
  • ​In 3 experiments, palatable food stimuli were presented to 11 obese and 11 nonobese male human. Food stimuli were rated as more appetizing by the nonobese after low-calorie than after high-calorie meals. Souce: Wooley, Orland W.; Wooley, Susan C.; Woods, William A. Journal of Comparative and Physiological Psychology, Vol 89(6), Aug 1975, 619-625. http://dx.doi.org/10.1037/h0077455
  • ​Do you not know that your bodies are temples of the Holy Spirit, who is in you, whom you have received from God? You are not your own; you were bought at a price. Therefore honor God with your bodies. Source: Bible, Corinthians 6:19-20. http://www.biblestudytools.com/topical-verses/bible-verses-about-health/
  • ​High-intensity intermittent exercise three times per week for 15 weeks compared to the same frequency of steady-state exercise was associated with significant reductions in total body fat, subcutaneous leg and trunk fat, and insulin resistance in young women. Source: E G Trapp et al. The effects of high-intensity intermittent exercise training on fat loss and fasting insulin levels of young women. International Journal of Obesity (2008) 32, 684–691; doi:10.1038/sj.ijo.0803781 http://www.nature.com/ijo/journal/v32/n4/abs/0803781a.html
  • ​When starved of glucose, its usual energy source, the body can make an alternative in the shape of chemicals called ketones. To find out if one of these suppresses inflammation, Vishwa Deep Dixit from the Yale School of Medicine doused human immune cells with various ketones. When he upped the dose of a ketone called BHB to the level you’d expect after two days of fasting, the inflammatory response fell away. Source: https://www.newscientist.com/article/dn27001-no-need-to-starve-to-get-fastings-immune-benefits/
  • ​Traditional means to enhance self-efficacy were important for all women; however, for some women, spirituality was also an important aspect of adhering to program principles. Source: Marla Reicks, Jordan Mills, Helen Henry, Journal of Nutrition Education and Behavior. Volume 36, Issue 1, January–February 2004, Pages 13-19. http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S1499404606601231
  • ​Treatment of depression symptoms may be facilitated by incorporating the spiritual values and beliefs of patients with diabetes. Therefore, faith-based diabetes education is likely to improve self-care behaviors and glycemic control. Cheryl P. Lynch et al. The Diabetes Educator May/June 2012 vol. 38 no. 3 427-435 http://tde.sagepub.com/content/38/3/427.short
  • ​This new formulation emphasizes the cascading relationships, beginning early in life, between environmental factors and genetic predispositions that lead to large individual differences in susceptibility to stress and, in some cases, to disease. There are now empirical studies based on this formulation, as well as new insights into mechanisms involving specific changes in neural, neuroendocrine, and immune systems. Source: Bruce S. McEwen. Stress and the Individual, Mechanisms Leading to Disease. Arch Intern Med. 1993;153(18):2093-2101. doi:10.1001/archinte.1993.00410180039004 http://jamanetwork.com/journals/jamainternalmedicine/article-abstract/617820
  • ​Comfort food ingestion that produces abdominal obesity, decreases CRF mRNA in the hypothalamus of rats. Depressed people who overeat have decreased cerebrospinal CRF, catecholamine concentrations, and hypothalamo–pituitary–adrenal activity. We propose that people eat comfort food in an attempt to reduce the activity in the chronic stress-response network with its attendant anxiety. Source: Mary F. Dallman et al. Chronic stress and obesity: A new view of “comfort food” 10.1073/pnas.1934666100
    PNAS September 30, 2003 vol. 100no. 20 11696-11701 http://www.pnas.org/content/100/20/11696.short
  • ​The impact of 10 weekly 2-hour group sessions and individual practice of Centering Prayer 2-times daily by 15 Roman Catholic congregants was hypothesized to decrease participants’ stress and increase their collaborative relationship with God. Jane K. Ferguson et al. Centering Prayer as a Healing Response to Everyday Stress: A Psychological and Spiritual Process. Pastoral Psychology June 2010, Volume 59, Issue 3, pp 305–329 http://link.springer.com/article/10.1007/s11089-009-0225-7
  • ​https://www.scientificamerican.com/article/soil-depletion-and-nutrition-loss/
  • ​https://www.scientificamerican.com/article/soil-depletion-and-nutrition-loss/
  • ​https://www.drugs.com/article/side-effects-weight-loss-drugs.html
  • https://www.futuresofpalmbeach.com/healthy-diet-exercise/harmful-effects-diet-pills-supplements/
  • The low-carbohydrate diet appears to be an effective method for short-term weight loss in overweight adolescents and does not harm the lipid profile. Source: Stephen B. Sondike, Nancy Copperman, Marc S. Jacobson. Effects of a low-carbohydrate diet on weight loss and cardiovascular risk factor in overweight adolescents. The Journal of Pediatrics. Volume 142, Issue 3, March 2003, Pages 253–258. http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0022347602402065
  • ​Individuals assigned to a very-low-carbohydrate ketogenic diets achieve a greater weight loss than those assigned to a conventional low-fat diet in the long term; hence, a very-low-carbohydrate ketogenic diets may be an alternative tool against obesity. Source: Nassib Bezerra Bueno et al. Very-low-carbohydrate ketogenic diet v. low-fat diet for long-term weight loss: a meta-analysis of randomised controlled trials. British Journal of Nutrition. Volume 110, Issue 7 October 2013, pp. 1178-1187.
    https://www.cambridge.org/core/journals/british-journal-of-nutrition/article/very-low-carbohydrate-ketogenic-diet-v-low-fat-diet-for-long-term-weight-loss-a-meta-analysis-of-randomised-controlled-trials/6FD9F975BAFF1D46F84C8BA9CE860783
  • ​In middle-age men, treatment of five common obesity-related conditions (stroke, coronary artery disease, diabetes, hypertension, and elevated cholesterol) resulted in roughly $9,000 to $17,000 higher costs compared to normal-weight adults. Source: https://www.hsph.harvard.edu/obesity-prevention-source/obesity-consequences/economic/
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